LECTURER IN NATURAL SCIENCE DETAILED SYLLABUS 2017-18
COLLEGIATE EDUCATION
(TRAINING COLLEGES)
(CATEGORY NO. 054/13)
MODULE -1
PHYCOLOGY
1. Classification of algae - Fritsch and Smith
2. Recent trends in classifications
3. General features of algae - thallus organization, vegetation, sexual and asexual reproduction and life cycle
4. Pattern of life cycle and salient features of the following classes: Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta
5. Economic importances of algae : Biofertilizers, Food industry, Industrial and medicinal importance, algal bloom
MYCOLOGY
1. Classification of fungi - Alexopoulos and Mims (1979), Ainsworth and Bisby (1983)
2. General features of fungi - thallus structure, cell wall structure, heterothallism, parasexuality and reproduction
3. Salient features of following classes- Myxomycota, Mastigomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Deuteromycota
4. Fungal associations - symbiosis, saprophytism, mycorrhiza, endophytes, lichens 5. Economic importances of fungi - degradation of pesticides and wastes, decomposition of organic matter, degradation of lignin, significances in medicine and industry, fungal toxins and human health
PLANT PATHOLOGY
1. Principles of plant pathology - biotic and abiotic agents and various symptoms of plant diseases
2. Process of infection and defense mechanisms - enzymes, toxins, structural and biochemical defense systems
3. Disease management - chemical, biological and quarantine measures
4. Common diseases of crops in Kerala - paddy, coconut, rubber, arecanut, pepper, ginger, cardamom, coffee and tea
BRYOLOGY
1. General account on morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the following groups: Hepaticopsida, Anthoceratopsida and Bryopsida
2. Origin, evolution and economic importances of bryophytes - indicators of pollution, horticulture, medicine etc..
PTERIDOLOGY
1. General account on morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the following groups -Psilopsida, Psilotopsida, Lycopsida, Sphaenopsida and Pteropsida
2. Heterospory, seed habit, stelar evolution
3. Economic importances of pteridophytes - as biofertilizers, in horticulture, medicine, ecological indicators, as weed, in food industry
GYMNOSPERMS
1. General account on morphology, anatomy and life cycle of the following groups-cycadopsida, coniferopsida and gnetopsida
2. Economic importances of gymnosperms
MICROBIOLOGY
1. Bacteria: ultra structure, major groups, nutritional types and reproduction
2. Viruses: ultrastructure, major groups, nutritional types, replication
3. Brief account on phones, viroids, virions, mycoplasmas, interferons, actinomycetes, bacteriophages
4. Economic importances of microbes- in ecology, food, industry, medicine, agriculture and other industries
PALAEOBOTANY
1. Geological time scale and evolution of plant groups
2. Types of fossilization
3. Fossil pteridophytes and gymnosperms
MODULE-II
ANGIOSPERM ANATOMY
1.Tissues - meristem, secretory and excretory tissues, primary and secondary tissues
2. Anatomy of stem, root and leaf - both primary and secondary structure in stem and root
3. Anomalous secondary growth in dicot and monocot stems
4. Brief account of nodal anatory, wood anatomy and floral anatomy
MICROTECHNIQUE
1. Tools in microtechnique -microscopy, micrometry, camera lucida, cryostat, microtomes (rotary and sledge)
2. Fixing, killing, dehydration, clearing, embedding, staining and mounting - reagents used in each step
3. Brief account on vital staining, double staining, whole mount, maceration and histochemical tests for carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
EMBRYOLOGY
1. Microsporogenesis and male gametophyte development
2. Megasporogenesis and embryosac development
3. Pollination, fertilization and embryogeny in both monocots and dicots
4. Endosperm types, polyembryony, parthenocarpy and apmixis
PALYNOLOGY
1. Ultrastructure of pollen wall, pollen morphology, - NPC system of classification of pollen apertures
2. Contributions of Dr. PKK. Nair to palynology
3. Palynology in relation to taxonomy
4. Aeropalynology and melittopalynology and pollen allergy
PLANT BREEDING
1. Methods in crop improvement and achievements - plant introduction, selection, mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding and hybridization
2. Consequences of inbreeding, heterosis and incompatibility
3. Back cross breeding, resistance breeding (disease resistance and stress resistance), vertical and horizontal resistances
4. Seed production and certification, major centres of crop production in India
5. Plant breeder's rights, national biodiversitypolicy
6. Methods of vegetative propagation of plants
EVOLUTION
1. Origin of life - theories of evolution, classical and modern
2. Speciation
MODULE-III
TAXONOMY
1. Principles of taxonomy - plant nomenclature, taxonomic hierarchy, phylogeny of angiosperms,
taxonomic keys
2. Classification systems - artificial, natural and phylogenetic
3. Interdisciplinary approaches to angiosperm systematic (anatomy, embryology, morphology, cytology, palynology, chemotaxonomy, numerical taxonomy, molecular taxonomy)
4. Study of the following families and their characteristic features: Ranunculaceae, Magnoliaceae,
Capparidaceae, Polygalaceae, Cryophyllaceae, Malvaceae, Leguminosae, Myrtaceae, Melastomaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Boraginaceae, Lamiaceae,
Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae, Scitamineae, Liliaceae, Commelinaceae, Arecaceae,
Araceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae.
MORPHOLOGY
1. Flower as a modifiedshoot
2. Floral whorls and their parts - fruits and seed morphology
3. Vegetative morphology = leaf, root and stem
ECONOMIC BOTANY
1. Common cereals, millets and pulses
2. Vegetables, spices, beverages crops
3. Timbers, fibres, sugar and oil yielding crops
4. Medicinal plants
ETHONOBOTANY
1.Methods of ethnobotanical studies
2. Contributions of SK. Jain to ethnobotany
3. Common plants of ethnobotanical importance in Kerala
4. Sacred groves and their importance
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
1. Factors affecting plant distribution
2. Phytogeographic zones of India
3. Soil, climate and vegetation of India
FOREST BOTANY
1. Major and minor forest products with special reference to Kerala
2. Significances of forest on environment
3. Consequences of deforestation and industrialization
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
1. Habitat ecology - terrestrial, fresh water, wet land and marine
2. Population ecology - community ecology and ecological succession
3. Ecosystems - structure, function and types and biomes ,
4. Species interactions - competitions, herbivory, carnivory, symbiosis etc..
5. Biogeochemical cycles and environmental pollution - air, water and noise
6. Global environmental problems - ozone depletion, global warming, acid rain, nuclear hazards, El-nino, climate change,
7. Environmental impact assessment and major programmes - UNEP, IUCN, MAB, Earth Summit, CBD
MODULE - IV
CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1. A brief account on structure, function of cells and cell organelles, - prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cytoskeleton - organization and mobility
2. Origin, Ultrastructure and function of cell membrane, cell organelles
3. Chemistry of chromosome - DNA, RNA, kinetochore, NOR and constriction of chromosomes
4. Numerical and structural variations of chromosomes
5. Cell divisions - stages, synaptonemal complexe, theories and mechanism of crossing over and molecular mechanism of crossing over
6. Cell differentiation - characteristics and mechanisms
7. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication
8. Molecular nature of genes
9. Molecular tools for studying genes and gene activities
10. Techniques of DNA analysis - preparation of DNA and RNA probes, hybridization, autoradiography, DNA finger printing
11. DNA sequencing, chemical synthesis of nucleotides
12. PCR and FISH and their applications
GENETICS
1. Mendelian genetics and gene interation
2. Linkage and crossing over, gene mapping
3. Polygenic inheritance
4. Extra chromosomal inheritanace
5. Microbial genetics - transduction, transformation and conjugation in bacteria, Lysogeny and
lytic cycle in viruses
6. Nucleic acids - DNA and RNA types, structure, function and replication
7. Mutations, DNA damage and repair
8. Genetic code and gene expressions - protein synthesis, gene regulations - prokaryotes and eukaryotes
9. Translation, post translation and post transcription
10. Gene synthesis - Khorana -Kornberg
11. Population genetics - Hardey-Weinberg equilibrium - genetic drift, genetic load, consanguinity and its genetic effects
12. Human genetics - blood group systems - ABO, Rh and MN blood groups, human karyotype and syndromes caused by its aberrations, genetic counseling, pedigree analysis
13. Brief account of human genome project
MODULE-V
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
1. Water relation to plants - absorption and transpiration of water - opening and closing of stomata - factors affecting water transport
2. Mineral nutrition - hydroponics, aeroponics
3. Nitrogen metabolism in plants
4. Photosynthesis - C3, C4 and CAM cycle in detail, photorespiration
5. Respiration - oxidative photophosphorylation
6. Ascent of sap - source and sink relationship
7. Growth and development - role of phytohormones, photoperiodism, vernalization, florigines
8. Stress physiology - water, salt, hot and cold stress - heat shock proteins, adaptations
9. Seed germination - physiological and biochemical changes
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Carbohydrates - structure, function and metabolism, inter conversion
2. Lipids - structure, function and metabolism, biosynthesis of fatty acids, alpha and beta oxidation
3. Amino acids and proteins - structure and properties and classification of amino acids and proteins, amino acid metabolism, Ramachandran plot, verification of proteins
4. Enzymes - major groups, relation of enzyme activity, enzyme kinetics, assay, regulation, allosteric enzymes, isoenzymes, ribioenzymes, coenzymes
5. Vitamins - classification, function and sources of vitamins and their role as co-enzymes
BIOPHYSICS
1. pH and buffers
2. Microscopy - bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent and electron microscope (SEM and TEM), photometry, colorimetry
3. Chromatogram - gel filteration, ion exchange, affinity, TLC, GC, HPLC, HPTLC, GCMS
4. Electrophoresis - AGE, PAGE, SDS-PAGE, isoelectrofocusing, ELISA
5. Centrifugation - density gradient and ultra centrifugation
6. Biophysical methods for analysis of biopolymers - x-ray diffraction, fluorescent, NMR
spectroscopy, UV, visible and ESR spectroscopy, ORD/CD, atomic absorption and plasma
emission spectroscopy
7. Radiation dosimetry, radioactive isotopes, autoradiography, Cerenkov radiation, liquid
scintillation techniques
BIOSTATISTICS
1. Sampling methods and errors
2. Process and presentation of data - tables and graphs
3. Measures of central tendency - mean, median, mode
4. Measures of dispersion - range, quartile deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation and
coefficient of variations
5. Probability - basic concept, theorems
6. Experimental design - randomnized block, latin square
7. Tests of significance - T-tests, Chi-square, F-tests, ANOVA
8. Correlation and regression analysis
MODULE - VI
BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Plant tissue culture techniques - direct and indirect regeneration
2. Somatic cell genetics and somatic clonal variations
3. Somatic embryogenesis - artificial seeds, protoplast culture, somatic hybridization, impacts in plant breeding
4. Haploid production- anther and ovule culture - applications
5. Production of secondary metabolites - cell immobilization - bioreactor technology, in vitro strategies of germplasm conservation
6. Isolation of genomic and organellar DNA. Methods of gene identification - vector mediated and vectorless PCR, genomioc and cDNA libraries
7. Gene transfer techniques - direct and indirect traspossors as vectors - gene silencing
8. DNA markers - RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and Antisense RNA
9. Blotting techniques - Northern, Southern and West
10. Transgenic biology - gene cloning and transformation technique in plants-gene targeting and
sequence tag
11. Genetically modified organisms and foods, social and ethical considerations, IPR issues, patents and biopiracy
5. BIOINFORMATICS
6. Introduction to data structures, data base concepts, tools for searching, homology searching
7. Application of databases in biology
8. Sequence databases .sequence comparison, structural databases, proteomics and genomics
(elementary)
9. Major bioinformatic resources - NCBI, EBI, EMBL, GENBANK, DDBJ, SWISSPROT, PDB
10. Tools in bioinformatics - BLAST, CLUSTAL -X, CLUSTAL-W, Phylip, GENSCAN
11. Applications of bioinformatics - transcriptomix, metabolomics, pharmacogenomics (brief
account only)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
1. Computer application in biology
2. Computer packages for biostatistics and numerical taxonomy
3. Hardware and software parts of a computer
4. Internet online biology resources, public library of sciences, online publications, electronic journals and books
ASDF
MODULE – VII
Recent developments in Botany
ZOOLOGY
MODULE I: SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
1. SYSTEMATICS
• Basic concepts , Importance and applications
• Trends -Chemotaxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Molecular taxonomy, Cladistics, Numerical
taxonomy
• Dimensions of speciation, Species concept, Theories of biological classification, Hierarchy
of categories.
• Procedural keys- Taxonomic procedures- Collection, Preservation, Curating, Identification.
• Taxonomic keys- Merits and demerits; ICZN, Formation of scientific names of various taxa.
2. EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
An outline of evolutionary theories: Darwinism, Lamarckism, Modern synthesis (not in detail).
Origin of higher categories- Punctuated equilibrium- Macroevolution- MicroevolutionCoevolution-Founder principle- C-value paradox-Concept of molecular clockCytochrome
C- Haemoglobin-Histone.
MODULE II: PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY.
I. PHYSIOLOGY
1. Nutrition and Digestion
• Types of nutrition
• Mechanism of Digestion , Absorption
• Gastro intestinal hormones
• Deficiency diseases of nutrients.
2. Circulatory Physiology
• Physiology of cardiac muscles
• cardiac cycle
• Electrical properties
• conducting system of heart
• Blood pressure
• Blood volume
• pressure control - integrated system.
3. Nerve Physiology
• Nerve action potential
• conduction of nerve impulse
• Synapse
• Synaptic transmission
• Neurotransmitters.
4. Excretory physiology
5. Respiratory physiology
6. Muscle physiology
7. Endocrinology
• Major Endocrine glands and their hormones and functions
• Mechanism of hormone action.
II. BIOCHEMISTRY
Biomolecules
• Carbohydrates: Classification, Structure, Properties, Functions.
• Proteins: Classification, Structure, Properties, Functions.
• Lipids: Classification, Structure, Properties, functions.
Enzymes: Mechanism of enzyme action. Factors affecting enzyme action, Enzyme kinetics, Menton-Michaelis kinetics, Substrate concentration, Enzyme inhibition and regulation, Isozyme, Coenzyme,
Ribozymes.
Metabolism of carbohydrate: Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Pentose phosphate pathway, Glycogenesis,
Glucogenesis, Gluconeogenesis, Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.
Metabolism of protein: Deamination, Transamination,
Metabolism of Lipids: B oxidation, Synthesis of Fatty acid, Biosynthesis of cholesterol.
Energy metabolism: Oxidative metabolism, Oxidative phosphorylation, Chemiosmotic theory .
MODULE III: MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
I. MICROBIOLOGY
• Classification of Microorganisms- Berg's manual.
• Salient features of Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae.
• Bacterial Cell- Structure and function
• Bacterial Cell wall- Peptidoglycan, Gram's positive and Gram's negative, Mechanism of Gram's staining.
• Bacterial culture media
• Growth curves
2. Industrial Microbiology: Fermentation.
II: IMMUNOLOGY
• Types of immunity - Innate, Acquired, Passive, Active, Cell mediated.
• Cells of primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
• Cells and organs of immune system.
III. Immunogens [ Antigen]
• General properties- Structure and function, Variability and Diversity.
• Factors affecting antigenicity
• Epitopes and haptens
• Adjuvants.
IV. Immunoglobulins [Antibodies]
• General properties- Structure and function
• Different classes- Ig A, IgD, IgE, IgM
• Variability and Diversity
• Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies
V. Antigen Antibody interaction
Complement system- Classical pathway, Alternate, cell mediated and humoral reactions.
VI. Transplantation
MHC genes, Auto-immune diseases.
MODULE IV
CELL, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY CELL
Cell membrane- Structure and function.
Cell organelles with special reference to Mitochondria and Ribosomes
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
• Organization of eukaryotic genome, gene content and genomic size complexity of eukaryotic genome, conserved exons and recombination
• DNA replication , Repair and Recombination
• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA replication. Enzyme involved in replication. DNA damage and repair.
• Transcription and RNA processing
• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transcription, Binding of transcription complexes, Post -transcriptional processing .
• Translation- prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, Translational machinery, mechanism of initiation, elongation and termination, Post-translational modification of protein.
• Gene regulation mechanism in Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes
• Transcriptional signals-TATA, CAAT box, Enhancers.
A. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Gene cloning.
• Major steps in cloning, Isolation and purification of genes.
• Vectors- properties of an ideal vector, different types [ plasmids, Ti plasmid, bacteriophages, cosmids, phagemids, artificial chromosomes].
• Enzymes in gene cloning.
• Probes and molecular markers [RFLP, RAPD, AFLP].
• Homoploymer tailing, linkers and adapters.
BGenetic engineering techniques.
B1 Polymerase Chain reaction, DNA finger printing, Blotting techniques [ Northern, Southern , Western blottings, Dot blot, Slot blot].
B2 DNA sequencing - Maxam-Gilbert method, Sanger-Coulson method. Chromosome jumping, Genomic library and cDNA library, Site specific mutagenesis and gene targeting, Human genome project, Human gene therapy, and other genome projects.
B3 Transgenic animals.
MODULE V: GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
I. GENETICS.
• Mendelian principles of genetics- Laws , Linkage, Crossing over, Mutation, DNA,
Types of DNA, RNA, Types of RNA.
• Lyon hypothesis.
• Syndromes- Klinefelter, Down, Turner.
• Genetic code.
II. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
• Gametogenesis, Fertilization and early development - Cleavage, Blastulation,
gastrulation, Organogeny.
• Experimental Embryology.
• Embryonic induction.
MODULE VI: ECOLOGY, ETHOLOGY , BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND
BIOSTATISTICS
1. ECOLOGY:
Definitions- Habit and habitat, Ecological niche, Ecosystem, Population ecology, Community ecology, Ecological succession, Pollution, Global warming.
2.ETHOLOGY
Learning behaviour, Communication behaviour, Motivation.
3.BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Biodiversity concept, status in India, Value, Loss and causes of loss. Indices, Hot spots of Biodiversity. In situ and Ex-situ conservation.
4.BIOSTATISTICS
Mean, Median, Mode, Standard deviation; Graphical representation of data.
BIOPHYSICS, BIOINFORMATICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
1. INSTRUMENTATION
• Scanning electron microscope, Transmission electron microscope
• Electrophoresis- Gel, PAGE, Agarose, 2D- Immunoelectrophoresis, Fluorescent
• HPLC, Flow cytometry
• NMR spectroscopy- Mass, Plasma , Atomic
• X-ray diffraction
• ELISA
2. BIOINFORMATICS
Proteomics, Genomics, Data bases - Primary and Secondary, Search engines. Transgenic animals, Stem cell research, IPR, Carbon trading, Ecological foot printing, Treaties and protocols related to climate change.
MODULE – VII
Recent developments in Zoology
II. RESEARCH APTITUDE
Research: Meaning, Characteristics and types;
Steps of research;
Methods of research;
Research Ethics;
Paper, article, workshop, seminar, conference and symposium;
Thesis writing: its characteristics and format.
Module IX(a) Salient Features of Indian Constitution
Salient features of the Constitution - Preamble- Its significance and its place in the interpretation
of the Constitution.Fundamental Rights - Directive Principles of State Policy - Relation between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles - Fundamental Duties. Executive - Legislature - Judiciary - Both at Union and State Level. - Other Constitutional Authorities. Centre-State Relations - Legislative - Administrative and Financial. Services under the Union and the States. Emergency Provisions. Amendment Provisions of the Constitution.
Module IX (b) Social Welfare Legislations and Programmes
Social Service Legislations like Right to Information Act, Prevention of atrocities against Women & Children, Food Security Act, Environmental Acts etc. and Social Welfare Programmes like Employment Guarantee Programme, Organ and Blood Donation etc.
Module X (a) Renaissance in Kerala
TOWARDS A NEW SOCIETY
Introduction to English education - various missionary organisations and their functioning- founding of educational institutions, factories, printing press etc.
EFFORTS TO REFORM THE SOCIETY
(A) Socio-Religious reform Movements
SNDP Yogam, Nair Service Society, Yogakshema Sabha, Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham, Vaala Samudaya Parishkarani Sabha, Samathwa Samajam, Islam Dharma Paripalana Sangham, Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha, Sahodara Prasthanam etc.
(B) Struggles and Social RevoltsUpper cloth revolts.Channar agitation, Vaikom Sathyagraha, Guruvayoor Sathyagraha, Paliyam Sathyagraha. Kuttamkulam Sathyagraha, Temple Entry Proclamation, Temple Entry Act .Malyalee Memorial, Ezhava Memorial etc. Malabar riots, Civil Disobedience Movement, Abstention movement etc.
ROLE OF PRESS IN RENAISSANCE
Malayalee, Swadeshabhimani, Vivekodayam, Mithavadi, Swaraj, Malayala Manorama, Bhashaposhini, Mathnubhoomi, Kerala Kaumudi, Samadarsi, Kesari, AI-Ameen, Prabhatham, Yukthivadi, etc
AWAKENING THROUGH LITERATURE
Novel, Drama, Poetry, Purogamana Sahithya Prasthanam, Nataka Prashtanam, Library movement etc
WOMEN AND SOCIAL CHANGE
Parvathi Nenmenimangalam, Arya Pallam, A V Kuttimalu Amma, Lalitha Prabhu.Akkamma Cheriyan, Anna Chandi, Lalithambika Antharjanam and others
LEADERS OF RENAISSANCE
Thycaud Ayya Vaikundar, Sree Narayana Guru, Ayyan Kali.Chattampi Swamikal, Brahmananda Sivayogi, Vagbhadananda, Poikayil Yohannan(Kumara Guru) Dr Palpu, Palakkunnath Abraham Malpan, Mampuram Thangal, Sahodaran Ayyappan, Pandit K P Karuppan, Pampadi John Joseph, Mannathu Padmanabhan, V T Bhattathirippad, Vakkom Abdul Khadar Maulavi, Makthi Thangal, Blessed Elias Kuriakose Chaavra, Barrister G P Pillai, TK Madhavan, Moorkoth Kumaran, C. Krishnan, K P Kesava Menon, Dr.Ayyathan Gopalan, C V Kunjuraman, Kuroor Neelakantan Namboothiripad, Velukkutty Arayan, K P Vellon, P K Chathan Master, K Kelappan, P. Krishna Pillai, A K Gopalan, T R Krishnaswami Iyer, C Kesavan. Swami Ananda Theerthan , M C Joseph, Kuttippuzha Krishnapillai and others
LITERARY FIGURES
Kodungallur Kunhikkuttan Thampuran, KeralaVarma Valiyakoyi Thampuran, Kandathil Varghese Mappila. Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon, Ulloor S Parameswara Iyer, G Sankara Kurup, Changampuzha Krishna Pillai, Chandu Menon, Vaikom Muhammad Basheer. Kesav Dev, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, Ponkunnam Varky, S K Pottakkad and others
Module X (b) General Knowledge and Current Affairs
General Knowledge and Current Affairs
NOTE: - It may be noted that apart from the topics detailed above, questions from other topics prescribed for the educational qualification of the post may also appear in the question paper. There is no undertaking that all the topics above may be covered in the question paper.
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